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Nigeria, said to be giant of Africa and with a robust population of over 150 million, may brag of bountiful supply of humane resources, both skilled and unskilled, made up of men and women, account for the capital base of the nation. However, it would be pertinent to note that the number of skilled but idle far outweighs the unskilled and working (Rotimi Ige, Tribune Newspaper; Tuesday 6th July, 2010. ). The above cited work represents the view of most Nigerian populace on Nigeria and the level of jobless in it is economy. Before we will divulge more into the discourse, let us recognise what the conception ‘unemployment’ connotes. Ewa Udu and Agu (2000) define jobless as a circumstance in which persons competent and more than willing to work are unable to find suitable remunerated employment. Unemployment could be seasonal, frictional, globally transmitted or structural. Seasonal jobless occurs in industries that are seasonal in nature. Such industries engage labour temporarily for the duration of the peak periods and lay them off in the off-peak seasons. Again frictional jobless exists when queer occupation has surplus workers in one part of the country while spaces for similar jobs are very much available and are not filled in other geographical emplacements of the same country. Poor psychological result of perception learning and reasoning of the existence of occupation prospect elsewhere and labour immobility are the major element that give rise to this type of unemployment. Moreover, in export-oriented industries, if demand in the industries falls off due to deterioration of trade of the importing country, most laborers in the industries will be laid off. Sometimes, there may be changes in the pattern of aggregate demand and in the proficiencies of in the industry. When this occurs in an averse way, a good deal of laborers may be affected and they will be retrenched. This is termed structural unemployment. In 2006, the rate of jobless was only 2. 9%. It rose to an outrageous rate of 5. 8% in 2007. Thereafter, it fell more or less to 4. 9% in 2008. Since then, it remained static at that level till the present 2010 (CIA World Factbook). These stats do not portray Nigerian economy in the positive as regards employment of humane resources because in a country like Britain, 2% rate of jobless of the labour strength is considered very high. Recent release by the National Bureau of Statistics reports that over 20 million graduates are unemployed in Nigeria. A casual visit to any center where employment aptitude test is being conducted will show one the precise level of jobless in this country. The test conducted by WAMCO Consulting Firm on behalf of one Dutch company last year witnessed more than 30 thousand candidates. Another test conducted by the same firm on behalf of Honeywell recorded more number. These nominees were only the ones that met the screening criteria (ie 2nd Class Upper), am not talking in regards to those that applied but were rejected. When most banks conducted their own tests, security men (illiterates) were employed to drive graduates up and down. Some were flogged, mistreated and humiliated; just because they necessitated numerous job. One scarcely passes ten persons on the road without coming throughout at least one unemployed graduate. Some of these graduates have migrated round all the cities of Nigeria in search of jobs; all to no avail. They have moved from Lagos to Port-Harcourt, to Kaduna, to Kano, to Onitsha and all other places not worthy of mentioning. This socio-economic problem of jobless may be attributed to galore and varied causes. Some of the conspicuous origins of the problem include population, academic curriculum, choice of course of study, laziness, greed, government policies, employment discrimination and government poor implementation of it is employment policies. Nigeria is the most populated black nation of world. The last conducted census put the figure at over one hundred and fifty million. In this great number, more than 50% are in the labour strength of the country. What this means is that there will be severe drag for the little available openings of occupation prospects available. This offers the answer to the reason why more than thirty thousand Nigerian graduates turn out for a occupation aptitude test that will not take up to twenty candidates. More so, another major cause of jobless in this country is the education system and the type of curriculum they run. From indispensable school to the university, the curriculum is more of theory than practical. In the eighties, indispensable school pupils were asked to do crafts; molding objects, making baskets, carving works and other handiworks but today in public schools, they are asked to fetch toilet tissues as craft while in private schools, they fetch cash in lieu of craft. So, after crucial school, a holder of First School Leaving Certificate can not do anything with his or her hand. That of post necessary school is not one thing to write home about. The students are taught only how to cram textbooks and not one thing more. Once you are capable to commit all the contents of Ababio, P. N. Okeke and Modern Biology to memory, you are a bright and intellectual student. Nobody or no teacher cares whether you recognise their practical apps or not. Ours is Science without Technology; which is useless. All the old Commercial and Vocational Schools that offered vocational courses like catering, fashion and designing and culinary accomplishments have all been turned into pure ordinary secondary schools in order to join the trend and not run the risk of being left behind. All the graduates of these high schools have no place in economy because they don’t have any skill to offer for exchange. This trend takes the students into the university. The university is the worst because not only that it is theory based system but most lecturers are not even more than willing to give that theory. Students are taught computer science in the classroom without a single computer system. Most roadside mechanics are more skilful than most graduates of mechanical technology who parade themselves as engineers. A final year Accounting student has never seen a real cash book except the hypothetical ones he sees in the textbook. How may a product of this kind of system be employable? Choice of course of study is another factor that contributes much in the employment troubles in Nigeria. Many parents tend to choose careers for their offsprings because they in love with a peculiar profession without giving careful consideration to whether those their children have penchant for such profession. Some humans may like to be musicians or comedians but their parents will kick versus that and strength them into a discipline they have aversion for. At the end, when they come out of school, they cannot exercise and therefore stay unemployed. Again, due to JAMB and it is related admittance problems, some students end up studying what they didn’t intend studying initially. Many students started with Sciences but they ended up studying an Art course due to admittance ‘wahala’. Nigeria is a fabricating economy. For that, not all disciplines are to a complete degree functional here. If you read such courses, you stay unemployed unless you have a godfather somewhere. I may still do not forget when one former president of Nigeria was addressing some national issues on Radio Nigeria and persons were calling him to ask a lot of questions. One guy called and told him that he graduated from the university and for four years he had not gotten a job. The president asked him what he read and he replied ‘Sociology’. The president gave a mirthless laugh and told him that all the cash expended for training him was wasted. Although that professionalism is not so highly upheld in Nigeria, yet there are graduates of sure disciplines that can not fit into Nigerian economy. The crude mentality of a dandier portion of Nigerians evenly contributes to this. For instance, someone who has a great deal of problems, obstacles or setbacks would rather go to a native doctor, pastor or prophet rather going to a psychologist. More so, a lot of graduates are lazy to work. They want easy life. They suppose everything to come in a platter of gold. Most of them are looking for white collar jobs where they will just sit underneath an air conditioner, do little or not one thing and get paid. They will keep looking for that type of occupation till eternity. A graduate was offered a occupation as a store keeper and he has the temerity to say that he won’t touch or arrange cartons. This means he is lazy and not yet ready to work. Some female graduates concentrate on posting their pictures to all the social networks, dating and match making websites on the internet to cast their bait and know if they may catch a huge fish. Nobody wants to bear the cross before wearing the crown any longer. Furthermore, a good deal of graduates are too greedy. Many of them don’t want to begin from the scratch. They want to make it overnight. They thought that once one graduates from the university, he become super rich. Most of them only talk and talk about regarding the ‘big shots’ in the society without taking out time to read their biographies or at least go through their profiles. If they do that, they will find out that all those men and women have worked and served in respective capacities; both low and high before arriving at their present positions. Immediately after graduation, the eyes of these graduates are set on Politics, Oil and Gas and Banking (when banking was doing well), ignoring other lesser spheres that are more than willing and ready to absorb them. They all want to ride fanciful latest cars after three months of their employment. This is utopia and mirage because such jobs are semi-nonexistent now. For that, most graduates will keep on waiting for them till kingdom come. Again, there is a great discrimination and prejudice going on in the labour market now. Employers of labour are not helping matters at all. Some applicants are prejudiced versus on the grounds of their sex, age, type of certificates and even tribe or ethnicity. Most office works may be done by both males and females alike; why the sex discrimination then? Why do we see an advert that goes like this “a young female accountant necessitated for prompt employment”? Does it mean that a male cannot do that job? Some occupation interviewers give jobs to ladies that are not qualified because they consorted to sleep or have slept with them; leaving behind the more qualified males. Females are evenly being discriminated versus but are largely married women. Most technology jobs that involves much field work and neverending motion don’t ordinarily consider women. Most new generation banks don’t consider married women. Some go the extent of getting the young ladies sign an undertaking that once they get married, their appointments are terminated. Age is another area for discrimination. Banks as well as other blue chip companies are for the most part culprits of this offence. Most of them don’t receive any applicant that is above twenty-four years old. They need very young, beauteous and beautiful ladies that they will push into the market for ‘corporate prostitution’. The young handsome guys are used to entice the sugar mummies to operate an account with them. . These young fellows are pushed back into labour market once they failed to meet up with the unrealistic targets given to them. The worst discrimination in the labour market is that of BSC/HND dichotomy. Many employers of labour distinguish versus the HND holders in favour of their counterparts with BSC. Although that in the advert, they always write BSC or HND as the qualification necessitated but when it reaches to the actual occupation placement, the HND holders are jettisoned. Government evenly has a hand in the creation of jobless in the economy. Some government policies are highly detrimental to occupation creation in this country. Some graduates who couldn’t find jobs pick up motorcycles and become ‘okada’ riders. But numerous State Governments thwarted their attempts by laying a ban on okada riding. Many graduates want to go into the production of local beverages, cosmetics and other little items with little fund they garnered after service but they don’t have the cash to register the merchandise with suitable government agencies like NAFDAC, SON etc. Some of them that succeeded in erecting a little scale developing firms are being asphyxiated by huge and excess taxation. All these not withstanding, the government has initiated a lot of policies and established numerous agencies that will support in addressing the issue of employment in Nigeria. Some government attempts towards achieving a high rate of employment in Nigeria include the institution of Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity, establishment of the Nigerian Director of Employment, initiating of National Poverty Eradication Programme and National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy. Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity has a network of thirty-one Employment Exchanges and seventeen Professional and Executive Registries. Nigeria Directorate Of Employment has four specific programmes which are Vocational Skills Development, Rural Employment Promotion, Small Scale Enterprises and Special Works. National Poverty Eradication Programme has five initiatives which are as follows: Village Economic Development Solutions, In Care of the People, Community Economic Sensitization Scheme, Multi Partner Matching Funds and Score on Poverty. National Economic Empowerment Strategy is a Nigeria’s plan for prosperity. The government way of letting the humans recognise how it plans to get over the deep and pervasive obstacles to progression that the government and the people have identified. The greatest of the obstacles is unemployment. In spite of all these originations and programmes, the economy is yet to feel any appreciable affect on the area of employment. They all stay only fanciful drawings that are only accomplishable on the pages of the newspapers. NDE not long ago conducted a Graduate Attachment Programme Test in which more than a million graduates took portion online. Finally, only 500 were accepted and trained. After the training, there were no openings where they could be fixed and the NDE Director, Mallam Abubakar Muhammed was begging the Nigeria Employers Consultative Association to support absorb the trainees as interns. Daily Sun of Wednesday, 21st July, 2010 reported therefore “Minister of Finance, Mr. Olusegun Aganga has pledged the FG’s resolve to tackle jobless in the country as he decried the 49. 9 percent jobless rate in the urban centres throughout the country. NAPEP also lays much special importance and significance on private sector initiative as a sustainable poverty eradication initiative. Everything now boils down to the private sector; the government is not ready to rise up to it is obligation of supplying employment for it is citizens. All those government policies lack substance accordingly they are poorly executed. This social and economic canker called jobless has numerous disastrous aftermaths on the entire nation. It gives rise to social vices, mass exodus of galore Nigerians to other countries, ceaseless economic instability, stagnant or decreased Gross Domestic Product etc. Many youths who have endured the scourge of jobless for a long amount of time of time have decisive to challenge their fate by picking up arms and become armed robbers, political thugs and kidnappers. Kidnapping has become a mutual exercise in Nigeria because youths are idle and devil finds work finds work for idle hands. Daily Sun of Friday 6th August, 2010 reported that one Mr. Silas Ifeanyi, a House of Representative aspirant was abducted on his way back to Onisha from his home town Nsukka. Mr. Ifeanyi was very astonished to find out that all his kidnappers were all graduates. Youths of Niger Delta turned to militancy because they don’t have reasonable and sustainable jobs. Even the post Amnesty policies that are meant to get them fixed into lawful ventures in the economy are not being wholly enforced as proposed. General election is fast approaching and so a good deal of unemployed graduates are ready to stake their lives just because they have no alternatives. Female unemployed graduates imbibe the spirit of the cliché “use what you have to get what you want”. Most of them have turned into full time prostitutes. Every romantic magazine and all dating websites have their names and fictitious profiles looking for hook ups. Some debased themselves to the level of renting rooms in brothels or hanging in clubs and hotel premises for any available standing. Many graduates have been unemployed for so a good deal of years that they have lost their self respect and devised an inferiority complex. They are withdrawn from social gatherings and disassociate themselves from their mates who seem to be doing well economically. Sometimes, they even suffer stigmatization from friends and relatives. The family members who entrusted hopes in them that after their graduation, they will get started benefiting from them are all disappointed. Their parents are tired of feeding them and giving them pocket cash even still after graduation. They are seen as utter social misfit. All these constitute aroused and psychological trauma for the unemployed youth. Most of the internet and ATM scam are perpetrated by the unemployed graduates. Internet fraud uses online services to present solicitations to potential victims, to conduct fraudulent dealings or to transmit the proceeds of fraud to financial foundations or to others connected with the system (WIKIPEDIA). ATM scams are on the rise and the use of online selective information has made it one of the posing no difficulty inter-net scams to pull off for any moderately technically con artisan (http://www.secureidentity.com.au). Why is internet and ATM scam on the rise? The answer is not far fetched. It is because of the high rate of jobless in the country. Man must survive by hook or by crook, they say. This does not end here. This jobless has led galore youths into dissimilar forms of forgery. Due to the fact that each employer needs persons with a good deal of years of working experience, galore unemployed graduates have started forging appointment letters, so that they may be considered. Due to the fact that those that didn’t take part in the NYSC programme are discriminated versus in the labour market; those graduates that did part-time, sandwich or evening programmes go to the extent of forging NYSC discharge certificates or recompense cash to some illegal agents in order to be mobilized for the programme. Recently there was a report in the Punch Newspaper of Tuesday, August 3;2010 that 69 phony corps members were arrested in Nasarawa State. How much does a corps fellow member earn that will entice someone to implicate himself in such a disgraceful act if not for hunger caused by unemployment? Some even bogus recommendation letters from highly placed government officials in order to be considered for a job. The most annoying of all these frauds and scams are the ones pull by the so-called employment agents. These are cheer exploiters. These humans knowing wholly well that some persons are desperate for jobs use it as an prospect to cheat them. They go when it comes to the cities and towns of the country pasting posters promotion for non-existent jobs. Some even advertize on the pages of Newspapers. The unsuspecting and innocent occupation seekers always fall prey to these criminals. They extort cash from applicants with the promise of linking them with mouth watering jobs. Eventually they will disappoint and aBSCond with their money. Another major consequence of jobless is the mass exodus of the youth out of the country. That persons migrating out of the country is not the major problem but the issue is that most of them do it illegally. Everybody is looking for a greener pasture and Nigeria doesn’t seem to be one because there is no job, hence people will have to leave whether legitimately or otherwise! Many Nigerian youths die on their way to Europe; where they go through deserts, forests and other barricades. Most Nigerian youths are presently languishing in alien prisons just because they are engaged in a struggle for survival (although most times wrongly). Most humans have been duped by numerous so-called travel agents. These agents gather cash from people underneath the pretext that they will prepare journeying papers and support them to travel. Finally they will aBSCond with all those cash without doing anything. The economic effect of this jobless on the nation is that there is a outstanding loss in the potential output that would have been generated by those unemployed labour force. This decreases what ought to have been the actual Gross Domestic Product. This at last leads to economic instability. Nigeria was not invited to the G20 Summit on the grounds of political but largely economic instability. Despite all these causes and aftermaths of this economic problem of unemployment, something still has to be done to address if not redress the situation. We can’t proceed crying over the spilt milk rather we must rise to the challenges and take the bull by the horns. The government through it is Ministries, Departments and Agencies must wake up to it is responsibilities. The Federal and respective State Ministries of Education will have to restructure the academic curriculum to suit the demands of the present day economy. The systems of work ought to be more practical oriented than theory based. Vocational studies will have to be encouraged. There ought to be establishment of more technical schools and the existent ones ought to be adequately equipped. Government must provide practical materials to it is respective universities. These materials include computers, laboratory equipment, machinery etc. Moreover, parents must stop interfering in their children’s choice of career. These children ought to be permitted to choose what they have passion for so that they may exercise after the training. Again the potential undergraduates who are finding it difficult to pass University Matriculation Examination will have to desist from accepting ‘anyhow’ course offered to them by the university because of their low grade rather they must work harder to achieve their goal no matter how long it might take. They are advised to go for courses that are presently applicable in the Nigerian economy. Nigeria presently needs more of people that studied business affiliated or practical oriented courses. Another area that deserves government attention as regards employment is the supply of electricity. Some graduates are ready to go into little scale production but due to the erratic nature of the power supply; they are incapacitated. The cost of production will be too high if they depend on generator set. Most of them can not afford the cost. Loans and credits will have to be made available and accessible to young graduates who want to go into entrepreneurship. There are four hundred and seven registered microfinance banks in Nigeria, yet young enterprisers don’t have access to funds. Most of them give loans at an outrageous rate of 20% per annum with collateral security provided and they don’t give more than fifty thousand naira. Yet they assert that microfinance banks support the youths largely in achieving their goals in life (Scribd website). The government must mandate the financial originations to provide loans for graduates who wish to go into business ventures at a very low interest rate and receive only their academic certificates as collateral. Finally, young graduates who are yet get jobs must learn to take their fate in their hands. At the back cover page of Lucky Star exercise book is written “The only Nigerian who does not ask any person to give him work is the uneducated”. If this is true of uneducated, then the educated must be better off. They can not proceed asking any individual to give them work. They ought to be occupation creators rather of occupation seekers. What I mean is that self employment and entrepreneurship ought to be at the back of mind of each young graduate. Nigerian economy still has a very wide market and chances yearning to be tapped. It only needs careful observations and indepth analysis. Opportunities abound in the areas like ICT, Sports, Entertainment, business and agriculture. With the little cash saved for the duration of youth service, one may begin up a little business which is bound to grow with time. With the cognition of ICT techniques, one may do a great deal of things like designing of graphics, printing of labels, identity cards etc. An unemployed graduate may coordinate numerous amusement shows or sit down and write books. He may evenly write scripts for movie merchandise or write other agreeably diverting books and trade them off to publishers. He may worse still attach himself to a private school as a tutor and at the same time be organizing private tutorial classes for students and adults. Conclusively, some experts and authorities say that agriculture was the mainstay of the economy before the invention of petroleum but I maintain that agriculture is still the mainstay of the economy. The release by National Bureau of Statistics shows that agriculture contributed the most eminent quota of 41. 84% to the Gross Domestic Product of 2009 while the ‘almighty’ petroleum contributed only 16. 05%. This implies that agriculture still dominates the economy. So, the young graduates who are yet to secure jobs must see agriculture as a good alternative. Areas like fish rearing, rabbit rearing, little scale poultry, vegetable plantation and a good deal of others will have to be explored. These do not take much resources. For instance, fish may be reared in a GP storage tank or even in a very little aquarium. Therefore, the innumerable unemployed graduates must gird their loins and get ready for actions. They must stop waiting for government as government has not one thing to offer in terms of employment. They must make use of the potentialities that nature endows them with to come up with ideas, inventions and solutions. Once you have solutions to people’s problems, they ought to come looking for you and pay any price you require. The world needs a problem solver and once you become one, you will find out that THERE IS NO UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA. Most helpful customer reviews 26 of 27 people found the following review helpful. 15 of 15 people found the following review helpful. Significant time is spent explaining how unix-based systems work. The book covers things such as file systems, partition structure, file ownership/permissions, users and groups, inodes, ssh, backups, etc. Each command, utility, procedure or feature is detailed over several pages followed by an explanation of what you should be doing with said topic. There are also a few real-world examples here and there; stories most of us have heard before, like the admin who had . in his path. Unlike many computer books, this one is well written and an easy read, and it’s certainly a lot more friendly than some unix geek’s advice which consists of RTFM. I think this book would be great for someone who has a very basic understanding of unix-based systems but has never administrated one before, but for those of us who’ve already had some experience running unix there’s probably not anything new here for you. 8 of 8 people found the following review helpful. It starts with basic subjects, such as passwords, backups, security auditing & logging, and physical security, and then continues with networking subjects, such as modems, TCP/IP, NFS, kerberos, firewalls, proxies, etc. important issues and terms are interwined – such as what is the rainbow series and legal issues.
The subject of computer & Internet security is changing quickly, and as other reviewers have written a book written a couple of years ago (I have the 1996 edition) is no longer up to date.
But I think it’s a minor issue.
First, because one must still learn and protect against older attacks – an intruder will not shy away from trying to use an old security hole just because it’s two months old. Hacks are not cheese, and cant be thrown out after two weeks.
Second, a sysadmin should get the basic information, terms, ways of thought, etc – and this book will teach this well – and then continuously look for new information and information sources.
This includes finding out about bugtraq, ntbugtraq, phrack, and any other new mailing lists and web sites regularily.
So I highly recommend this book to anyone who deals with the subject of unix & internet security. |
Recommended with reservations for students & hobbyists only
. The book is not updated enough to compete with newer books on Internet Security. For corporate users possible alternatives are combinations of one book on Unix security (for example, Unix System Security by David A. Curry) and one book on Internet security (for example Actually Useful Internet Security Techniques by Larry J. Hughes). The last is recommended as an alternative for readers who cannot afford two books. Often books written by a specialist in particular areas can be a better deal than books from security folks. For example TCP/IP Network Administration by Craig Hunt contains a lot more information about how properly configure TCP/IP than this book and in Ch.12 has a very decent overview of security in just 40 pages.
Best for beginners